Television in Iraq :: essays research papers fc

INTRODUCTIONThe birth of the television was origin solelyy introduced here, in the United States. The impact of this new engineering science was not only evident here in the US, but in other countries as well. In Iraq, television caused immediate changes, which in turn caused adjustments in everyday living. The benefits and negative impacts varied, but overall as in most other countries, television shapes the images and views of everything that is broadcasted. video currently has taken the place of past vacuous activities. Being informed of the news, sports, and global issues consisted of hearing it only through radio and prior to that just word of mouth. People gathered around the TV manage as they had gathered around the radio, much like their ancestors had gathered around campfire storytellers(Schwab, 2004, p.3). With an objective to capture light in a series of lines and beams, the television was introduced as a product of moving images. With the help of several investors, Philip T. Farnsworth invented the television in the 1920s. With help from others including Vladimar Zworkyn, John Baird, and Charles Jenkins, the television underwent many trials and tests before its final completion. In a collaborative effort the previously mentioned men worked to establish a way to broadcast pictures through the colors of black and white to its present color TV. Television images are portrayed simultaneously around the network. Accurate timing of devices and split-second movements of cameras are the essentials of television operation (Television Volume III, 1938, p.1).Currently the media plays a highly influential business office that is evident amongst the citizens of Iraq. Some speak of the US in particular as having distorted views, focusing too much on tragedy. Currently the US media displays all of the negative activity due to the war and deducts the success of Iraq. The introduction of the television shows progress.new car sales have skyrocketed in Iraq, al ong with newspapers, peaceful demonstrations and other signs of a political system that has replaced totalitarianism(T. Roeder, The Gazette). According to the article, Iraqis critical media, television leaves out other positive progressions of the country, such as renovated schools and hospitals, in addition to repaired water and sewer systems.Perceptions about the war seem to be the highlight of the distorted view publicized on television currently. According the Asia Times, Fox news is criticized for its chauvinistic coverage in news. A survey was conducted and the results showed that 80% of viewers grasp at least one misperception, while CBS, CNN, and NBC followed (www.

Athletes Essay -- Sports, High Salary

How much specie does the average person re eachy need to be able to eat triplet times a day, have a roof over their head, send their children to school and have a car? All this could be done on an income between $30,000 and $40,000 easily. But somehow it was decided that people who labour harder than most, city workers, janitors and factory workers, would be paid less than someone who sits behind a desk all day or someone who plays a game for a living. Today athletes ar the highest paid people in the country, with the exception of Donald Trump and his toupee. It is ridiculous to imagine that someone is really worth hundreds of millions of dollars, and all they have to do is play a sport that millions of people would play for free if given the chance. Therefore, I strongly believe that professional athletes are overpaid due to several reasons.Schingle stated that personal athletes get paid what the market will bear (2008). If attendance at unclouded events were to decrease, or a dvertising dollars were to dry up, they would start getting paid less (Schingle 2008). Since professional sports are a form of entertainment, Schingle said that in America, people net for their entertainers dearly (2008). Moreover, Schingle compared sports with other field which is Hollywood where he stated that actors are also overpaid in their industry (2008). Bate stressed that most people are jealous that they keep complaining about athletes pays (2008). Some people claimed that they pay the athletes wages through the ticket money but they did not realize that the endless pauperism for the tickets and the thirst for the game is what created the high wages (Bate 2008). An athlete has to sacrifice a lot to reach the swipe of his profession which is being a pr... ... in Africa who are dying from hunger (2008). On top of that, the money can be used for other honorable things such as increase the salary of doctors, engineers, low paid factory workers working 12 hours a day and make this world a die place to live in (Wadhwa 2008). Lastly, Wadhwa stressed that athletes entertain us but they do not save lives or make this world a reform place to live, like doctors and other workers who spend the whole life time just earning enough to survive (Wadhwa 2008).In conclusion, the reason that the athletes are overpaid because of the market demand is not acceptable because the individuals greed, the owners greed and the fact that sports are only for entertainment make it clear that athletes are overpaid for no beneficial reasons. The government should control the flow of money and use it for the development of the country.

Connie’s Choice in Where are you Going, Where have you Been? :: Where Are You Going Where Have You Been

Where are you Going, Where have you Been? Connies Choice      I think Connie opened the screen door because she cute to escape from her life with her family into some kind of fantasy. I think there were other reasons also, but the story points to this one in many places. First of all, Connie was non happy at home. The story says that her father was a flair at work most of the time, and didnt bother talking much to them, so Connie didnt have love from him and had to rally male attention somewhere else. Connie found her happiness in escaping with her friend to the drive-in restaurant and daydreaming about boys. But the happiness she found in both of these things had nothing to do with actual til nowts it is based on a fantasy. When she was out at the drive-in with a boy, her face gleamed with the joy that had nothing to do with Eddie or even this place it might have been the music. When she daydreamed about boys, they all fell back and dissolved into a single face that was not even a face, but an idea, a feeling mixed up with the urgent pounding of the music... A theme that runs through this story is that music seems to be the keep going from the real world into Connies fantasy world. She doesnt know what she wants, but its got something to do with the music that made everything so good. When Arnold Friend drove up the driveway, Connie was listening to music, bathed in a glow of slow-pulsed joy. She soon discovered that he was playing the same music in his car. This is not a coincidence I think it makes a friendship in the back of Connies mind. And, the story says that it seemed to Connie like Arnold had come from nowhere, and belonged nowhere, and that everything about him was only half real. I think in some strange way Arnold becomes to Connie the way to escape into her fantasy. When she learns his true intentions she is scared to death at first but eventually that fear gives way to an emptiness. Connie thinks, Im not going to see my mother again... Im not going to sleep in my bed again.

Jane Addams Essay -- essays research papers

Jane Addams founded Hull House in 1889, along with her friend Ellen Starr. Jane had a very compassionate heart from the time she was a young girl. everyplace she went, Jane had a desire to help people less fortunate than herself. Janes father helped shape her to become more charitable to others less fortunate. Even as a young girl Jane wanted to know why all people did not live in nice homes with yards like her own. One day she adage a part of town that was run down and she could hardly believe that people could live in such "horrid little houses. That day Jane contumacious that she wanted to live in a large house in the middle of an awful place as she had seen. Jane wanted to do this so she could make headway a difference in the lives of people who lived at that place.Jane Addams was born on September 6, 1860, in Cedarville, Illinois. One year later the War between the North and the southern started. That same year the telegraph lines reached coast to coast. While Jane was a young girl, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.Jane had the opportunity to go to Rockford Female Seminary at the age of seventeen. It was there at Rockford that Jane decided she wanted to be a missionary in the United States to help the miserable. Jane went to Rockford for four years and was an excellent student. She received the highest grades out of every member in her class. Jane enjoyed having fun but was also of a serious nature.After Jane graduated from Rockford, she decided she wanted to be a doctor and blend in among the poor. Jane went to Philadelphia to go to medical school and because she worked so hard, she became ill and a pain in her back, from her childhood returned. Jane ended up having to stay in bed, strapped to a board, for hexad months so her back could heal. After Jane recovered from her illness, she still had to wear a tight brace to stop the strain on her back. This brace helped Jane so she was not in pain all the time. Her doctor thought a trip t o Europe would help her recover, therefore in August 1882 Jane went to Europe for a vacation.In Europe Jane visited many places, including Ireland, Scotland, and different cities in England. Jane enjoyed London and particularly enjoyed a wax museum called Madame Tussauds waxworks. One Saturday evening in London Jane and her friends were in a poor part of town, and someone told them they would see the late Saturday evening food sale if th... ... careend. She helped with the law that women could only work an eight-hour day, helped set up the first juvenile court, and helped to change the housing for the poor. They even started the first public playground in Chicago. In 1931, Jane Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in Womens International League for Peace and Freedom. She served as president of the league from 1915 to 1929.Over the years, Hull house expanded to be a full block. Jane influenced many people. On May 1, 1935, when Jane Addams died, a large human actio n of those people were there to say good-by. Jane had given her life and all she had to make the lives of the less fortunate better.Blackstock, Josephine. (1950). Jane Addams. Evanston, IL Row, Peterson and Company.Addams, Jane. (1993). The bran-new Grolier CD ROM encyclopedia. Grolier Electronic create Co.Addams, Jane. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing CoHull House. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing CoHull House. (1993). The new Grolier CD ROM encyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing Co.Nobel Prizes. (1991). World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL. World Book Publishing Co

Evolution vs. Creation Essay -- essays research papers

Dont Monkey Around in ClassIn the beginning, God created the heavens and the solid ground (Gen. 11). Words of this nature have been questioned for thousands of yearsby naturalists, materialists, humanists, etc.and, in more recent times, have led to court cases, heated arguments, and earthly concern debates. The major debate intended to be covered in this piece is that of whether or not evolution should be taught in classrooms. Also, if it is to be taught, should it be taught as fact or theory? It is also intended to present enough evidence to disprove evolution altogether and, as a result, make it oft less than a theory, but actually the vain opinions of a man who chose not to accept the truth. The entire point of this essay is to breakdown the theory of evolution, strike down its scientific reliability, and support the necessity of showing its errors and inaccuracies in classroom textbooks side-by-side with creationism. To date, evolution is being taught in public schools as th e only theory of origins. Creationism must be included as the only alternative and evolution discredited because of its invalidity. On the other hand, Steve Edinger, a biologist at Ohio University, warned members of the House Education Committee nigh presenting alternative evidence against evolution, saying it was not scientific and disservices the students. He continues, One would wonder what would happen if a teacher spent half a degree explai...

Women in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown and Women What are the attitudes of the young Puritan husband Goodman Brown toward women, of the author toward women, of other characters in the story toward women? This essay intends to answer that question. Randall Stewart in Hawthornes Female Characters states that there are three types of female characters in Hawthornes writings (1) the wholesome New England girl, bright, sensible and self-reliant (2) the frail, sylph-like creature, easily swayed by a stronger personality and (3) the woman with an exotic richness in her nature (98), and that Young Goodman Brown has in Faith cheerfulness, prettiness, and a simple-minded domesticity (99). So this categorizes her under type (1). In Salem village that fateful night when the young Puritan husband was departing home for the night, he exchanged a parting fondle with his young wife. From this we can conclude that he had a basic respect for her feelings(?) The wind was playing with the pink ribbons of her cap. Literary critic Wagenknecht surveys some of the critical recital relative to these ribbons Mathews finds the pastel of infancy in pink, but since pink is a color intermediate between red and white, William V. Davis prefers to take it as suggesting neither count depravity nor innocence but the tainted innocence, the spiritual imperfection of mankind, a view shared, up to a point, by Robinson. . . . (62). So the critics would have us believe that the author is making a statement here that seemingly good Faith is not all that good, based on the authors positioning of pink ribbons on her cap. She whispered, Dearest heart, prithee put off your journey until sunrise and sleep... ...tially. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Complete Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Doubleday and Co., Inc.,1959. Lang, H.J.. How Ambiguous is Hawthorne? In Hawthorne A Collection of hypercritical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Leavis , Q.D. Hawthorne as Poet. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Martin, Terence Six Tales. In Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965. Stewart, Randall. Hawthornes Female Characters. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.

Microsoft Office †Its uses and the tools I like

Microsoft office includes many tools but the ones I lead steering today are parts of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint.Excel is a database application that helps crunch numbers and this is an application that will help me immensely in my career. The tool in this application I want to use in my professional life is VLOOKUP. Most organizations have lots of tuition, but finding that information is always a challenge, an even greater challenge is to compile this information into one single database. This is where VLOOKUP comes in.An example would be to assess the attendance of the whole organization. The sales team will have the employees filed by employee codes while the operations team might have the employees filed by attendance codes. If one has to find the leaves for employees from both these departments, we need to ask that information from the Human Resources department.They usually have all the codes for the employees and we spate then use VLOOKUP to find out the emplo yee code and the attendance code for each employee in the company. VLOOKUP matches a value in sheet 1 to that value in sheet 2 and gives a corresponding value in that row all this can be set up. This function is especially useful to compile data remember you always need to compile data before you analyze it and moot conclusions.The next tool I would like to use it transitions in PowerPoint, this is mainly for presentation purposes and I will use this tool to make cards, share pictures, movies etc of opposite events in my life. These could be the birthdays of children, vacations and other things, I have a couple of close friends and our family is close to one another, tools like transitions etc help make the experience of share pictures and movies fun and interesting.I know there are a lot of other tools in Microsoft Office that can be used in our professional and private life, but the ones I mentioned above are the ones that I feel are the most practical, easy to use and usefu l features.

Eia Malaysia

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) surgical procedure and Requirements in Malaysia CONTENTS Page I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT What is environmental disturb discernment (EIA) Why do we need EIA? Which activities argon subject to EIA How to conduct EIA II. THE EIA PROCEDURE IN MALAYSIA Integrated expulsion be after Concept How is EIA constitution Processed and sanction ? Organisational Structure Preliminary EIA bills Detailed EIA Reports programification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) Consultation III. ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO EIA 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 5 9 9 9LIST OF FIGURES 1 2 3a 3b Outline of environmental Impact mind Procedure in Malaysia Integrated Project Planning Concept Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at s anoint Offices Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at the De get turn outment of environment Headquarters Organisational Structure of Detai led EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure LIST OF TABLES 1 2a 2b 2c Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) Summary of Activities put in to environmental Impact Assessment (Activities de all rightd by Quantum) Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Project Size) Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Not Defined by building block of Measure) 3 4 4 5 3c 6 7 11 12 13 ii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 Environmental property Act, 1974 1985) Section 34a 2 Environmental character Act, 1974. Environmental pure tone (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) golf club 1987 Offices of the discussion role of Environment Page (Amendment, 14 16 21 3 iii I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT What is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? EIA is a study to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate information ab step to the fore the imp acts on the surroundings of a proposed scheme and to detail out the mitigating measures former(prenominal) to pop approving and implementation.Why do we need EIA? EIA is essentially a homework tool for preventing environmental problems collect to an action. It seeks to avoid costly mistakes in bedevil implementation, either because of the environmental damages that are likely to arise during encounter implementation, or because of modifications that may be ask subsequently in order to gather the action environmentally delicious. In Malaysia, EIA is required under section 34A, Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (APPENDIX 1). EIA when integrated into the existing mean and finale- do machinery, provides additional information towards better decision-making. Which activities are subject to EIA?Activities subject to EIA are prescribed under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 1987 (APPENDIX 2). A copy of this Order may b e obtained from the Government Printers or from either office of the Department of Environment (APPENDIX 3). How to conduct EIA? To assist you in the preparation of environmental impact legal opinion tarradiddles, you may refer to A Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and EIA guidelines for specific activities published by the Department of Environment. II. THE EIA PROCEDURE IN MALAYSIA The EIA procedure take in Malaysia consists of three major steps.The steps in the EIA procedure, which are shown in Figure 1, can be described as fol blues Preliminary judgment relates to the sign assessment of the impacts due to those activities that are prescribed. Preliminary assessment is the stage of the EIA procedure that should normally be initiated at the pre-feasibility study stage of the development of an activity. Project options are identified at this stage and either significant residual environmental impacts are made known. The preliminary report that is prepar ed is reviewed by a skilful commissioning in the DOE internally. However, where expertise inwardly the Department is lacking, assistance from other government and non-government agencies may be sought.Detailed assessment is undertaken for those projects for which significant residual environmental impacts flip been predicted in the preliminary assessment. The assessment should ideally continue during project feasibility, and the detailed EIA Report be submitted for approval by the director General of Environmental Quality prior to the giving of approval by the germane(predicate) Federal or State Government authority for the implementation of the project. Detailed assessment is carried out based on specific terms of reference issued by an ad hoc Review get a line panel appointed by the director General. The EIA Report that is prepared is reviewed by the ad hoc Review Panel chaired by the director General.Review of EIA Reports is carried out internally by the DOE for prelimi nary assessment reports and by an ad hoc Review Panel for detailed assessment reports. Recommendations arising out of the review are transmitted to the pertinent project approving political science for consideration in making a decision on the project. The normal period allocated for a review of a preliminary assessment report is one month while that for a detailed assessment report is two months. The DOE maintains a list of experts who may be called upon to sit as 1 members of any Review Panel established. The selection of the experts depends on the expanses of environmental impacts to be reviewed.Other main features of the EIA procedure as shown in Figure 1 include the following The Approving Authority is the Government Authority that has the working class of deciding, whether or not a project should proceed. The authorities include the following 1. The National Development Planning Committee (NDPC) for Federal Government sponsored projects 2. The State decision maker Council (EXCO) for State Government sponsored projects 3. The various Local Authorities or Regional Development Authorities (RDA) with respect to planning approval within their respective neighborhood and 4. The Ministry of Trade and Industry or MIDA for industrial projects. Recommendations arising from the review of the EIA Reports are forwarded to the relevant project approving authorities.At the completion of the review period for a detailed EIA, a Detailed Assessment Review Document is issued by the Review Panel. This document may include 1. Comments on the Detailed Assessment report 2. Recommendations to the project counsellor and the project approving authority including any specific conditions connected to the project approval and 3. Recommendations for environmental monitoring and auditing. Integrated Project Planning Concept The EIA Procedure in Malaysia is endeavored to follow the Integrated Project Planning Concept as shown in Figure 2. The features of the concept include the following 1. At the onset, during the project identification stage, the need to conduct an EIA study is also determined. 2.If the project requires Preliminary Assessment, it is done in parallel with the Pre-feasibility Study for the project. 3. Similarly, if Detailed Assessment is required, it is conducted as part of the Feasibility Study for the project. 4. The Preliminary Assessment and Detailed Assessment reports are reviewed simultaneously with the Pre-feasibility and Feasibility reports respectively, before a final decision on the project is made. During project construction and project operation environmental monitoring is carried out. 2 3 The concept is recommended to be followed to minimise project delay and improve project planning. How are EIA Reports Processed and Approved?Organisational Structure As of 1st January 1994, all Preliminary EIA Reports are processed and approved by the Department of Environment State Offices except for Kedah and Perlis. EIA Reports for Kedah and Perlis and those for projects within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and projects involving more(prenominal) than one call down are processed by officers at the Department of Environment Headquarters. altogether Detailed EIA Reports are processed and approved at Headquarters. Preliminary EIA Reports Figure 3a illustrates the organisational structure of the Preliminary EIA Report processing and approval procedure at the Department of Environment State Offices. The organisational structure is headed by the State theatre director.He is responsible for approving or rejecting an EIA Report. One-Stop Agency meetings with other relevant agencies or departments are held when necessary. Comments and verifications from relevant agencies or departments are sought for certain cases. The State Director is assisted by Environmental Control Officers and Assistant Environmental Control Officers. Figure 3a. Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at State Offices Figure 3b shows the organisational structure of the EIA Report processing and approval procedure at the Department of Environment Headquarters. The organisational set-up is headed by the Director of Prevention variation.He is assisted by the Head of Evaluation Section and Senior Environmental Control Officers chairing the EIA Technical Committee meeting. The EIA Technical Committee is an in-house committee set 4 up to examine the Preliminary EIA Reports. One-Stop Agency meetings with relevant departments or agencies are held when necessary. Comments and verifications from the departments or agencies are acquired when necessary. The Committee formulates recommendations to the Director of Prevention Division on the acceptability of the Preliminary EIA Report. Detailed EIA Reports Figure 3c illustrates the organisational structure of the Detailed EIA Report processing and approval procedure.The Organisational set-up is headed by the Director General of Environment Quality who is responsible for approving or rejecting the EIA report. He is assisted by the Director of Prevention Division, who also functions as Secretary to the Detailed EIA ad hoc Review Panel. The electric chair of this panel is the Director General of Environmental Quality. The Detailed EIA Review Panels main task is to critically review Detailed EIA Reports and formulate recommendations to the relevant project approving authority. The Detailed EIA Review Panel is established on an ad hoc basis specifically for a particular project. The panel comprises independent members of relevant disciplines, from different organisations such as Universities and Non-Governmental organisations.Detailed EIA Reports are also displayed at all Department of Environment Offices, as well as earth and university libraries for public comments. The public are widely notified through the mass media when and where the Detailed EIA Reports are available for review and comment. The Evaluation (EIA) section which is headed by a Principal Assistant Director comprises EIA Report Processing Desk Officers assisted by Assistant Environmental Control Officers. The desk officers are trained in different disciplines including Environmental Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, polished Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Studies, Physics, Economics, Sociology and Ecology. 5 6TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF EIA REPORTS BY TIMING OF SUBMISSION (PROJECT mean CYCLE) PROJECT PLANNING CYCLE Project Identification Sourcing for Technology or Licence Pre-feasibility/ Siting Decision Feasibility/Project Design REPORT CLASSIFICATION 0 1 EIA ISSUE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING CYCLE Exploring environmentally sound projects Assessment for environmentally sound technology Base line study and submission of preliminary assessment report broaden cost benefit analysis and submission of complete or detailed EIA report EIA r eport to be approved by the Director General of DOE, prior to licence to be granted by relevant government agencies, or lease to be given, visit conversion or change of ownership approval by State Government Budget approval Contract 4 atomic number 18 sufficient environmental specifications and safeguard coordinated in contract documents and agreements? Is the fancy complying with all the specifications? PROJECT APPROVAL Is the project environmentally sound? Is the technology most advanced and clean? Is the proposed site environmentally least sensitive? take in approval or Memorandum of Understanding Business transactions, technology transfer and licence agreement DOE clearance 2 3 Does the project design incorporate all the required taint control and other environment mitigating measures?Written permission Detailed Design 5 Submission of plans on pollution control and other environmental mitigating measures Tendering 6 Is sufficient budget provided for environmental control a nd other environmental mitigating measures in the tender exercise and award? ar project development and construction closely supervised? Does the project meeting all set standards and conditions? Is the project fully complying with the imposed standards all the time? Are there significant residual environmental impacts? Development and social organisation Commissioning 7 Environmental monitoring Approval by add, resources, safety, health, environment and local authorities Certification by safety, health, environment, and local authorities 8Continuation of monitoring and project auditting Source and environmental monitoring Operation and Maintenance Abandonment/End of Project note 9 x Continued environmental monitoring Approval by the relevant Federal, State and Environment Authorities 7 Key Classification 1 High Distinction 2 Distinction 3 High credit rating 4 5 6 Credit Simple Credit Low Credit 7 Low Pass 8 Just Pass 9 Fail 8 Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) In order to integrate the environmental dimension in the project planning or designing process, the timing of submission of an EIA Report to the Department of Environment for approval is vital.The proper timing of submission of an EIA Report is essential so as not to cause any major disruption to the overall project planning cycle. The project initiator is encouraged to submit the EIA Report as early as at the project identification stage to enable recommendations on environmental changes or modifications to the project plan to be incorporated. On the other hand, submission of an EIA Report towards the end of the project planning cycle will mow the value of an EIA, and possibly increase environmental costs or delay implementation of the project. In order to guide project proponents, a classification governing body for EIA reports has been made in accordance with time of submission as tabulated in Table 1.The timing of submission of an EIA Report corresponding to the stage of project planning cycle has been divided into nine classifications. The nine classifications are ranked from in high spirits distinction to failure. In addition, the corresponding environmental issues, and requirements for project approval generate also been identified for the various stages of project planning. For example, the submission of an EIA Report at the stage of project identification or sourcing for technology is classified as Class 1 and given high distinction, whilst reports submitted towards the end of project construction or commissioning falls under Class 8 and is ranked low pass.An EIA Report submitted at the commencement of the project identification stage will give an opportunity to project planners to exhaust environmental issues and to find solutions to them prior to project implementation. In instances where undesirable significant adverse environmental impacts are identified, alternatives which are environmentally acc eptable should be found. This exercise should be repeated until an acceptable solutions is found. Consultation Although there is no requirement for notification and a project proponent is under no formal obligation to consult the Department of Environment about his proposal before submission of his EIA Report, there are practical reasons for doing so.The Department of Environment and other relevant departments will often possess reclaimable information in particular, data on environmental quality, local problems, as well as aspects of the project most likely to be of concern and requiring violence in the EIA Report. It would be beneficial for all concerned if project approval authorities can advise potential project proponents as soon as a project is conceived to check with the Department of Environment to ascertain if EIA is required. By doing this, the issues of timing and delay can be avoided. III. ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO EIA The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activites) (Envi ronmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 which is made under powers conferred by section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (Amendment) 1985 specifies those activities that are subject to EIA.Nineteen categories of activities are prescribed and these include those related to agriculture, airport, drainage and irrigation, land reclamation, fisheries, forestry, ho development, industry, infrastructure, ports, mining, petroleum, power generation, quarries, railways, transportation, resort and recreational development, waste treatment and disposal, and water supply. Many of the activities related to these nineteen categories are defined in terms of project surface (as commonwealth), capacitance (quantum) while others are not defined by any unit of measure. Hence, to assist project initiators or project approving authorities to make quick decisions on whether a proposed activity is subject to the Act or otherwise, three simple checklists have been prepared as follows a) Activit ies defined by quantum (Table 2a) 9 b) Activities defined by project size (Table 2b) and c) Activities not defined by unit of measure (Table 2c). 10Table 2a Malaysia Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Quantum) Quantum 60000 5000 4500 cc 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 30 10 Unit Barrel Tonne Cubicmetres Tonnes/ solar day Family Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ hour Megawatts Activity locution of harvest-festival depot for memory board of petrol, gas or diesel engine Shipyards Groundwater development for industrial, artless or urban water supply put right and steel industries using scrap iron Agricultural programmes necessitating resettlement Chemical toil industries Lime production industries using rotary kiln Iron and steel industries using iron ore Non ferrous industries other than aluminium and copper Lime production industries using vertical kiln Pulp and paper industry Cement in dustries social structure of steam generated power move using fossil fuels 8 (c) 8 (d) 8 (g) 8 (d) 1 (b) 8 (a) 8 (d) 8 (e) Number 12 (e) 8 (f) 19 (b) 8 (e) 13 (a) 11 Table 2b Malaysia Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Project Size) Project Size Unit Activity Number 5000 Hectare 500 Hectare 500 Hectare 500 Hectare cd Hectare 250 Hectare 200 Hectare 200 100 100 80 50 50 Hectare Family Hectare Room Hectare Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 50 50 40 Hectare Hectare Kilometre Hectare 2. 5 KilometreIrrigation schemes institute development schemes to bring forest land into boorish production Development of agricultural estates involving changes in types of agricultural use enter gimmick of dams and hydroelectric power scheme reservoirs Mining of mineral in radical areas formulation of dams and man-made lakes and artificial enlargement of lakes Construction of dams or impoundment reservoirs Agricultural pro grammes necessitating resettlement Drainage of wetland, wild-life habitat or saturated forest Construction of coastal resort facilities or hotel Coastal reclamation impose-based aquaculture projects accompanied by clearing of mangrove swamp forest Conversion of hill forest land to other land use Conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing, or agricultural use Housing development Industrial estate development for medium and heavy industries Sand dredging Hill station resort or hotel development Construction of off-shore and on-shore pipeline Construction of dams and hydroelectric power schemes with dams over 15 metres high Construction of airports 3 (c) 1 (a) 1 (c) 6 (c) 13 (b) ii 11 (a) 3 (a) 19 (a) 1 (b) 3 (b) 17 (a) 4 5 (c) 6 (a) 6 (d) 7 9 (b) 11 (c) 17 (b) 12 (b) 13 (b)i 2 (a) 12 Table 2c Malaysia Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Not Defined by Unit of Measure) Prescribed Activity aerodrome FISHERIES Activity Airstrip develo pment in state and guinea pig parks Construction of fishing harbours Harbour expansion involving an increase of 0 per cent or more in fish landing ability per annum Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchment area of reservoirs employ for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydropower generation or in areas coterminous to state and national parks and national marine parks alter of mangrove swamps on islands adjacent to national marine parks Petrochemicals industries all sizes Primary smelting of aluminium and copper all sizes Construction of hospitals with outfall into beachfronts used for recreational purposes Construction of expressways Construction of national highways Construction of new townships Construction of ports Port expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum Ore processing including concentrating for aluminium, copper, gold or tantalum Oil and gas fields development Construction of oil an d gas separation, processing, handling and storage facilities Construction of oil refineries Construction of combined cycle power stations Construction of nuclear-fueled power stations Number 2 (b) 5 (a) 5 (b) FORESTRY 6 (b) 6 (e) 8 (b) 8 (c) 9 (a) 9 (c) 9 (d) 9 (e) 10 (a) 10 (b) INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE PORTS MINING 11 (b) 12 (a) 12 ( c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 13 (d) PETROLEUM POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION 13Table 2c (Continuation) Prescribed Activity QUARRIES Activity Proposed quarrying of aggregate limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, commercial-grade-grade or industrial areas, or any area for which a licence, permit or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development Construction of new routes Construction of branch lines Construction of Mass Rapid Transport projects Number 14 15 (a) 15 (b) 16 RAILWAYS TRANSPORTATION RESORT AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Development of holidaymaker or recreational facilities in national parks 17 (c) Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks 17 (d)WASTE TREATMENT AND governance (Toxic and dubious Waste) Construction of incineration plant Construction of recovery plant (off-site) Construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-site) Construction of secure landfill quick-wittedness Construction of storage facility (off-site) Construction of incineration plant Construction of composting plant Construction of recovery/recycling plant Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility Construction of wastewater treatment plant Construction of marine outfall 18 (a)i 18 (a)ii 18 (a)iii 18 (a)iv 18 (a)v 18 (b)i 18 (b)ii 18 (b)iii 18 (b)iv 18 (c)i 18 (c)ii (Municipal Solid Waste) (Municipal Sewage) 14 APPENDIX 1 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 (AMENDMENT, 1985) SECTION 34A The Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985, amende d the Environmental Quality Act, 1974.Amendments include the initiation of section 34A which requires any soulfulness intending to carry out any prescribed activity to submit report on the impact on the environment to the Director General of Environmental Quality for examination. The Amendment act was gazetted on 9 January 1986 and section 34A reads as follows34A (1) The Minister, after consultation with the Council, may by order prescribe any activity which have significant environment impact as prescribed activity. Any person intending to carry out any of the prescribed activities shall, before any approval for the carrying out of such activity is granted by the relevant approving authority, submit a report to the Director General.The report shall be in accordance with the guidelines prescribed by the Director General and shall contain an assessment of the impact such activity will have or is likely to have on the environment and the proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment. If the Director General on examining the report and after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, is of the opinion that the report satisfies the requirements of subsection (2) and that the measures to be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are adequate, he shall approve the report, with or without conditions attached thereto, and shall inform the person intending to carry out the prescrived activity and the relevant approving authorities accordingly.If the Director General, on examining the report and after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, is of the opinion that the report does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (2) or that the measures to be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are inadequate, he shall not approve the report and shall give his reasons therefore and shall inform the person intending to carry out the prescribed activity and the relevant approving authorities accordingly. Provided that where such report is not approved it shall not preclude such person from revising and re-submitting the rewrite report to the Director General for the approval. The Director General may if he considers it necessary require more than one report to be submitted to him for his approval. Any person intending to carry out a prescribed activity shall not carry out such activity until the report required under this section to be submitted to the Director General has been submitted and approved.If the Director General approves the report, the person carrying out the prescribed activity, in the course of carrying out such activity, shall provide sufficient proof that the conditions attached to the report (if any) are being complied with and that the proposed measures to be taken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are being incorporated into the design, cons truction and operation of the prescribed activity. Any person who contravenes this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not colossal ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or both and to a further fine of one thousand ringgit for every day that the offence is continued after a notice by the Director General requiring him to comply with the act contract therein has been served upon him. 15 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 16 APPENDIX 2 P. U. A) 362 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (PRESCRIBED ACTIVITES) (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT) ORDER 1987 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, the Minister, after consultation with the Environmental Quality Council, makes the following order 1. This order may be cited as the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 1987 and shall come into force on the 1st Apri l 1988. 2. The activities specified in the Schedule are prescribed to be prescribed activities. SCHEDULE 1. AGRICULTURE (a) Land development schemes covering an area of 500 hectares or more to bring forest land into agricultural production. Agricultural programmes necessitating the resettlement of 100 families or more.Development of agricultural estates covering an area of 500 hectares or more involving changes in types of agricultural use. (b) (c) 2. AIRPORT (a) (b) Construction of airports (having an airstrip of 2,500 metres or longer) Airstrip development in state and national parks. 3. DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION (a) Construction of dams and man-made lakes and artificial enlargement of lakes with surface area of 200 hectares or more. Drainage of wet land, wild-life habitat or of virgin forest covering an area of 100 hectares or more. Irrigation schemes covering an area of 5,000 hectares or more. (b) (c) 4. LAND RECLAMATION Coastal reclamation involving an area of 50 hectares or more . 5.FISHERIES (a) Construction of fishing harbours. 17 (b) Harbour expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in fish landing capacity per annum. Land based aquaculture projects accompanied by clearing of mangrove swamp forests covering an area of 50 hectares or more. (c) 6. FORESTRY (a) (b) Conversion of hill land to other land use covering an area of 50 hectares of more. Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchment area of reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydro-power generation or in areas adjacent to state and national parks and national marine parks. Logging covering an area of 500 hectares or more.Conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing or agriculture use covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Clearing of mangrove swamps on islands adjacent to national marine parks. (c) (d) (e) 7. HOUSING Housing development covering an area of 50 hectares or more. 8. INDUSTRY (a) Chemical Where production capa city of each product or of combined product is greater than 100 tonnes/day. All sizes. Primary smelting Alluminium Copper Others (b) (c) Petrochemicals Non-ferrous all sizes. all sizes. producing 50 tonnes/day and above of products. for clinker throughput of 30 tonnes/hour and above. 100 tonnes/day and above burnt lime rotary kiln or 50 tonnes/day and above vertical kiln. (d) Non-metallic Cement Lime e) Iron and steel Require iron ore as piercing materials for production greater than 100 tonnes/day or Using scrap iron as raw materials for production greater than 200 tonnes/day Dead Weight Tonnages greater than 5,000 tonnes. 18 (f) Shipyards (g) Pulp and paper industry Production capacity greater than 50 tonnes/day 9. INFRASTRUCTURE (a) (b) Construction of hospitals with outfall into beachfronts used for recreational purposes. Industrial estate development for medium and heavy industries covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Construction of expressways. Construction o f national highways. Construction of new townships. (c) (d) (e) 10.PORTS (a) (b) Construction of ports. Port expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum. 11. MINING (a) Mining of minerals in new areas where the mining lease covers a total area in excess of 250 hectares. Ore processing, including concentrating for aluminium, copper, gold, or tantalum. Sand dredging involving an area of 50 hectares or more. (b) (c) 12. PETROLEUM (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Oil and gas fields development. Construction of off-shore and on-shore pipelines in excess of 50 kilometres in length. Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling, and storage facilities. Construction of oil refineries.Construction of product depots for the storage of petrol, gas or diesel (excluding service stations) which are located within 3 kilometre of any commercial, industrial or residential areas which have a combined storage capacity of 60,000 barrels or more. 13. POWER GEN ERATION AND TRANSMISSION (a) Construction of steam generated power stations burning fossil fuels and having a capacity of more than 10 megawatts. Dams and hydroelectric power schemes with either or both of the following i) dams over 15 metres high and ancillary structures covering a total area in excess of 40 hectares. 19 (b) ii) (c) (d) 14. reservoirs with a surface area in excess of 400 hectares. Construction of combined cycle power stations. Construction of nuclear-fueled stations.QUARRIES Proposed quarrying of aggregate, limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, commercial or industrial areas, or any area for which a licence, permit or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development. 15. RAILWAYS (a) Construction of new routes. (b) Construction of branch lines. 16. TRANSPORTATION Construction of Mass Rapid Transport projects. 17. RESORT AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMEN T (a) (b) (c) (d) Construction of coastal resort facilities or hotels with more than 80 rooms. Hill station resort or hotel development covering an area of 50 hectares or more.Development of tourist or recreational facilities in national parks. Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks. 18. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL (a) Toxic and Hazardous Waste i) Construction of incineration plant. ii) Construction of recovery plant (off-site). iii) Construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-site). iv) Construction of secure landfill facility. v) Construction of storage facility (off-site). Municipal Solid Waste i) Construction of incineration plant. ii) Construction of composting plant. iii) Construction of recovery/recycling plant. iv) Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility.Municipal Sewage i) Construction of wastewater treatment plant. ii) Construction of marine outfall. (b) (c) 19. WAT ER SUPPLY 20 (a) (b) Construction of dams or impounding reservoirs with a surface area of 200 hectares or more. Groundwater development for industrial, agricultural or urban water supply of greater than 4,500 cubic metres per day. Made on the 30th September, 1987. KST & AS(U) 902/JAS/4(2) PN. (PU2)280/111 DATUK AMAR STEPHEN K. T. YONG, Minister of Science, Technology and the Environment 21 APPENDIX 3 OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT For further information and enquiries, you may contact the following offices HEADQUARTERS DirectorGeneral Department of Environment 12th & 13th Floor, Wisma Sime Darby Jalan rajah Laut 50662 KUALA LUMPUR Tel 03-2947844 Tlx MOSTEC MA 28154 autotype 603-2931480/2937655 Cable SEKITAR Kuala Lumpur STATE OFFICES Director Department of Environment Selangor/Wilayah Persekutuan 17th Floor, Wisma MPSA Persiaran Perbandaran 40000 SHAH ALAM Tel 03-5594787/5594788 Fax 03-5594788 Director Department of Environment Johor 23rd Floor, Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak Jalan Wong Ah Fook 80000 JOHOR BAHRU Tel 07-2226723/2224431 Fax 07-2230567 Director Department of Environment Pahang 4th Floor, Bangunan Asia Life Jalan Tekul Sisek 25000 KUANTAN Tel 09-529211/529075 Fax 09-529075 Director Department of Environment Trengganu/Kelantan Lot 2, 5th Floor Bangunan Tabung Haji/Bank Pertanian Jalan sultan Ismail 20200 KUALA TERENGGANU Tel 09-6227877 Fax 09-6226877 Director Department of Environment Kedah/Perlis 22Aras 1, Menara Zakat Jalan Teluk Wanjah 05200 ALOR SETAR Tel 04-7332832 Fax 04-7337530 Director Department of Environment Pulau Pinang 5th & 6th Floor, Wisma Peladang Jalan Kampong Gajah 12200 BUTTERWORTH Tel 04-340441 Fax 04-316078 Director Department of Environment Perak 9th Floor, Bangunan Seri Kinta Jalan Sultan Idris Shah 30000 IPOH Tel 05-2542744 Fax 05-2558595 Director Department of Environment Melaka 2nd Floor, Bangunan Graha Maju Jalan Tan Chay Yan 75300 MELAKA Tel 06-247825 Fax 06-247845 Director Department of Environment Negeri Sembilan 3rd Floor, Block C Wisma Negeri 70503 SEREMBAN Tel 06-722311 Fax 06-731397 Director Department of Environment Sabah 7th Floor, Block E, Bangunan KUWASA Jalan Karamunsing 88000 KOTA KINABALU Tel 088-250122 Fax 088-241170 Director Department of Environment Sarawak 9th Floor, Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Jalan Simpang Tiga 93592 KUCHING Tel 082-418535 Fax 082-422863 23

The Life and Times of William Shakespeare

Shakespeare is widely regarded as the worlds greatest playwright, and theres no real reason to dispute that. People are still seeing his plays 400 years after he wrote them, not because its voguish or hip, but because theyre so good. His insight into the human spirit has never been equaled. This paper is a brief biography of Shakespeare and a discussion of the measure in which he lived. Discussion His life Its somewhat difficult to find factual information about Shakespeare, because the first attempts at biographical interrogation were not begun until over half a century after Shakespeares death (Best, 2005).In addition, there were few biographies written of important persons at this clock time, especially dramatists, since plays were not considered serious literature (Best, 2005). In addition, the Puritans closed the theaters in 1642, and many manuscripts and other records were lost (Best, 2005). It also doesnt help that there are numerous spellings of his name. Nevertheless, sc holars take away pieced together a fairly complete picture of his life, and where facts are not known, they have drawn reasonable inferences (Best, 2005).However, the fact remains that much of what we know is establish on indirect information. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon some time in April, 1564, the son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden (Hanna Life). Although there is no record of the exact season of his birth, there is a baptismal record at the church, so most scholars put his birthday as the 23rd of April, 1564 (Hanna Life). John Shakespeare was a prominent and halcyon alderman in Stratford, and was granted a coat of arms by the College of Heralds (Hanna Life).Little is known of Shakespeares boyhood but it is believed that he probably attended the Stratford Grammar School (Hanna Life). There is no record of him having g bingle on to either Oxford or Cambridge, both of which were tumefy established by his time (Hanna Life). Shakespeares name turns up next in 1582 when he marries Anne Hathaway, some eight years his senior (Hanna Life). Their daughter Susanna was born in 1583 and twins, Judith and Hamnet, were born in 1585 (Hanna Life).Once once again Shakespeare disappears from the records and doesnt turn up again for seven years, by which time he is recognized as an actor, poet and playwright (Hanna Life). His recognition comes in the form of an insult from a rival, Robert Greene, who calls Shakespeare an upstart crow in his (Greenes) play, A Groatsworth of Wit (Hanna Life). Its thought that at about this time (1592) Shakespeare joined an acting troupe known as The Lord Chamberlains Men, one of the best in London (Hanna Life).The troupe leased the theater (named, unoriginally, The Theatre) where they performed they lost the lease in 1599 (Hanna Life). By this time, though, the troupe had enough money to prove their own theater, across the Thames on the less fashionable South Bank this new theater was, of course, The Globe (Hanna Life). The Globe opened in July, 1599, with some of the emeritus timbers salvaged from The Theatre used in its construction (Hanna Life). The Globe featured Totus mundus agit histrionem (A whole world of players) as its motto (Hanna Life).When James I ascended the throne in 1603, the telephoner changed its name to the Kings Men or Kings Company (Hanna Life). The smart sets instructions, conveyed to them in Letters Patent, told Shakespeare and eight other company members specifically to use and exercise the art and faculty of playing Comedies, Tragedies, Histories, Interludes, Morals, Pastorals, stage plays as well for recreation of our loving subjects as for our solace and pleasure (Hanna Life). Things went well for the newly-christened Kings Men for another ten years, until 1613 (Hanna Life).Then, on June 19, a cannon fired from the theaters roof during a gala effect of Henry VIII set the Globes thatched roof on fire and the theater burned to the ground (Han na Life). The audience was so absorbed in the play that at first they ignored the fire, but when the walls and curtains went up, they surely must have run (Hanna Life). By some miracle there were no casualties, and the next take a hop the company had the theatre new builded in a far fairer manner than before (Hanna Life).Shakespeare invested in the rebuilding effort, but by that time he had retired to Stratford, to the massive House of New Place that hed bought in 1597 (Hanna Life). There were considerable land holdings associated with the house, and Shakespeare remained there, where he continued to write, until his death in 1616 (Hanna Life). Ironically, he died on his alleged birthday, April 23 (Hanna). He was 52. Although he died at what we would consider a young age, he left behind a body of work that has do him immortal, and continues to light up theaters around the world.His Times The world 400 years ago is often seen as romantic and noble, but it was brutal, unsanitar y and often terrifying. Were familiar with a lot of the history of the time through films and TV shows a movie about Elizabeth I was released recently. Shakespeare lived at a time of political upheaval and court intrigue, as well as a time of exploration. For example, a man named John Hawkins sailed to the New World a second time in 1561 (Hanna Times). Trips like this were dangerous and daring, but also yielded treasure and more importantly, lands for the Crown. From 1577-1580 Francis Proke sailed around the world (Hanna Times).In 1586 when he was 22, Mary Queen of Scots was tried for artifice and executed the following year (Hanna Times). And in 1588 one of the greatest events in English history took place the English under the command of Queen Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish invasion fleet known as the Armada (Hanna Times). Unfortunately, this was also the time of the great plagues plague swept through London in 1592-93, necessitating the obstruction of the theaters plague struck again in 1603 (Hanna). This was also the year that Elizabeth I died and James IV, King of Scotland became James I of England (Hanna Times).It was at this point that the Lord Chamberlains Men became the Kings Men James I liked the theater and was a writer himself, publishing works on such subjects and witchcraft and the divine right of kings (Best-James I, 2005). In 1605, the Gunpowder Plot was hatched and Guy Fawkes lead a group of Catholics in an attempt to assassinate James and contrary up Parliament (Hanna Times). The English still celebrate Guy Fawkes Day. As we saw, the Globe burned down in 1613 by which time Shakespeare had returned to Stratford. He lived exactly another three years.

Finance Internship Report

Internship / Project Title Revenue Operations Specialist Internship / Project Progress I worked in a Saas-based company as a revenue operation specialist. My main responsibilities were to work closely with the CFO with weekly change flow analysis and to apply cash, oblige journal entries and created A/R aging reports in Net Suite and GP. Also, I completed monthly GL account reconciliations and revenue waterfalls and prepared SOX filing, such as sales order and journal approach samples.Furthermore, I worked closely with account executives in managing over 350 customers, generating invoices and processing payments in Quickbooks and Xero. When my company transferred system, I migrated over 5 GB of system data using Pivot Table and Vlookup and created novel collection metrics and invoice billing charts on daily basis. Besides, I helped AP squad up to verified over 100 weekly expense reports for employee expense reimbursements and assisted with accounting logs and billing/revenue clo se process.I also supported in forwardness of financial statements and management reporting and managed billing schedules for revenue recognition This position helps me understand how a finance department runs in the daily work. Also, I reinforced many skills relevant to accounting in the software industry, such as revenue recognition, account receivables and VSOE. I summarized what I learnt and contributed for my company below.Revenue and Budgeting Assisted financial team to reached $29 million quarterly revenue target in ahead of one month Managed P&L, aged receivables, income statement, bank reconciliation reports and journal entry for monthly revenue reconciliation Handled revenue waterfall month end closures in an accurate and timely manner, finishing a week before positive due date and exceeding manager expectation. Maintained the budgeting model by the development and improvement of budgeting process to decrease 10% cost on livery rates and advertisement occupancy.Account Management Engaged professionally with sales personnel to manage over 350 customer master files in QuickBooks and 300 customers in Xeros and to see leads generations in Salesforce. com CRM Built and developed customer relationships to enhance performance in the bank and generated 10% in portfolio revenue. Data Management Posted daily cash applications and journal entries in various accounts in Net Suite, kept track of over checking and money market accounts simultaneously and maintained onsistently 100% accuracy construct over 5 GB of system data using vlookup and combination formulas in Excel, handled software compatibility issues, input and output parsing, saved company over 30 hours in automating the manual migration of data. Overall, what I learn from class in ITU is well applied to my job. For instance, in Financial Accounting class, we learnt the knowledge about three measurable financial statements, which I used and reviewed in my job.

Public Policy – Agricultural credit

Agricultural policy is a set of rules that argon related to domestic agriculture and imports of regimen products. The governments of both state implements these set of rules with the aim of brining about a sound stability in the domestic agriculture markets and to protect the intimacy of the advanceers from supply levels, charge rise, land use and untaught subsidies.The agricultural subsidies, loans and separate forms of addresss that are offered to the farming community is money paid to them at subsided rates in hunting lodge to help them overcome the issues of rising maintenance and production costs, supplement their incomes, and protection from inflations.For example, the United States Agricultural department, reviews its policies every two years and agrees to subsidize a dozed commodities every two years. Between the period of 1996 and 2002, an average of $16 trillion/year realization was paid to the farmers at subsidized rates.According to the people who favor agricult ure credit to farmers, the credit policies and agricultural subsidies offer farmers tautological income and market protection.It also helps the farmers to compete in the international market For example, in the year 2002, the United States paid an extra 52 cents for every bushel of wheat, and at the same time also promised a price of 3.86 from 200203 and 3.92 from 20042007.Experts who oppose these agricultural policies laid d experience by the government, point that the farmers do not need such grants as they have already got a fair deal. They continue that there are equivalent risks in other business as in agriculture, so why is the farming community given more benefitsBACKGROUND The main aim of this paper is to study the public policies towards the gardening credit and the future prospect of funds and other lending programs that bum be available for the agricultural banks. It is believed that these federal policies related to agriculture credit can lend an important role in de termining the stand of the different lenders in financing the agriculture sphere.Credit has become a significant instrument of the agricultural policies and more or less of these policies with time have given guaranteed competitive loan rates on these funds, thereby giving a helping hand in the accomplish of transformation of the agricultural sector into a highly modernized and capital efficient one.Most of the farmers are dependent upon the funds for their yearly production and also to own land and the figures show a substantial rise in the level of debts as the inflation rises.The paper gives an introduction to some of the policies and then reviews the prospects and the general credit conditions along with the role of Federal, involvement.Also discussed here is the ability of these championship institutions to fund the growing needs of the agriculture sector and how can these credit policies make a confirmative effect on the sector. These policies contribute heavily in the pri ce determination of land prices and absorption of farm ownership and production.The paper also discusses the altered battle array and economic character of the agriculture sector which is proposed in order to reconsider the role of public agencies which offer credit to the farmers.INTRODUCTIONMost the recent agriculture credit programs truly originated after the First World War, when the incomes of the farming community were not stable and unsure.At that time lending money was not considered to be safe enough by both the farmers and the lenders as farming became a suspicious sector. With these developments, the farmers faced lot of problems in receiving funds and gave higher interest rates than other borrowers anywhere.Soon, the need of a Farm credit system was established which included the involvement of Federal Land Banks, Federal Intermediate credit Banks, Banks for cooperatives and other agencies related to the Farmers Home disposition which helped to greatly increase the fl ow of funds into the farmer community.At almost the same time, many other programs and initiatives for the farmers to increase their income and reduce the risk in the farming sector by bringing about price stabilization and making farm lending more easy than before were brought about by the government.The easier terms and conditions on which the farmers were able to borrow money and could get finance for industrialization of their farms favored the reform to a highly productive and capital intensive farming sector.Today assign have become the backbone of the rise of the farming sector and major reasons that are behind the increase in the behavior of the farmers to borrow money are the uncomplicated funding issues, high production expenses, increase in land prices, machinery and the leave behindingness to increase the size of their production capability.The high production expenses have decreased the funding capability of the farmers to utilize their own money.Within a span of 30 y ears, the debt of the farming sector had increased by an overwhelming figure of $13 billion in 1950 to an anticipated $158 billion on January 1980s, along with the increase in the value of the farm assets of the farmers which had considerably doubled during that period.The farmers slowly become more sensitive to the changes and fluctuations that occurred in the cash flow, interest rates, and costs of debt service to them. This led to an increase in the borrowed funds by the farming community and decrease in the net farm incomes, thereby increasing the net debt burdens on the farmers.In a keep down of regions across the United Stated, which are located along the north and the western edges of the corn belt, most of the commercial banking institutions, most interestingly the country banks have come through two years of a reasonably high loan-to -deposit ratios, which brought about a number of liquidity problems for the farmers at some point of time.In most of these districts the comm ercial banks and other funding institutions were not able to meet the growing needs of the farmers and thereby the interest rates grew by a phenomenal rate.It was estimated that the farm production expenses bequeath rise by more than double the price and subsequently the funds that will be needed to satisfy this demand will grow by more than $250 billion in the coming 10 years as compared to a total expense of $140 billion during the 1980s.According to these figures, it was estimated that the farming community will have to borrow most of the money and it was estimated that the farming debt would be around $700 billion by the end of the year 2000.At the same time, the asset value of the farmers will also increase to $3.5 trillion and the ratio between the debts to asset values will not rise higher than 17%.The increasing and prices, competition of the loan funds, farm prices, can all make it difficult for the farmers and especially those who have no other source of income to subsidi ze their farming needs. Looking at this analysis of the trends, some reforms and agricultural policies were introduced.

Edgar Allan Poe Research Paper Essay

Best known for his poems and little(a) fiction. Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most famous American poets. He deserves most credit for short suspenseful mysteries and he perfected the area of horror stories. He wrote many famous poems like The Raven and The Bells. Poe was a genius and very meticulous in his stories every clue had to fit and thats why he didnt make a lot of short stories just a small collection of great short stories.He was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. two of his parents were touring actors both died before Poe sluice reached three years old. A rich merchant named Mr. Allan in Richmond, Virginia took Poe in. His childhood was uneventful although he attended the University of Virginia in 1826 for only a year. Even idea he was a computable student he ran up a large gambling dept that Allan refused to pay. This prevented his return to the university and broke-off his engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. Having no way to verify himself he enlisted in the army. He had already written and printed (at his own expense) his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827).Allan secured Poes release from the army and his appointment to West Point however refused to give him money. After 6 months Poe apparently got kicked out of West Point for disobedience. His friends, however, gave money to him for the publication of Poems by Edgar A. Poe Second Edition (1831), actually a deuce-ace editionafter Tamerlane and Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems (1829). This book contained the famous To Helen and Israfel, poems that show the restraint and the calculated musical effects of language that was characterizing his poetry.Poe next lived in Baltimore with his leave aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia, and turned to fiction as a way to support himself. In 1832 the Philadelphia Saturday Courier published five of his stories all comic or satiric. In 1833, MS. Found in a Bottle won a $50 prize from the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. Poe, his aunt, and Virginia moved to Richmond in 1835 and he became editor of the Confederate Literary Messenger and married Virginia, who was not even 14 years old.Poe wrote fiction, his most horrifying tale, Berenice, in the Southern Literary Messenger, but most of his contributions were serious and critical reviews that earned him respect as a critic. He praised the young Dickens and devoted most of his attention to devastating reviews of popular contemporary authors. His contributions change magnitude the magazines circulation, but they offended its owner, who didnt like Poes drinking. The January 1837 issue of the Southern Literary Messenger announced Poes that Poe will watch to be the editor but also included the first part of his long fiction tale, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, five of his reviews, and two of his poems. This was going to be the strange pattern for Poes career success as an artist and editor but failure to satisfy his employers and to secu re a quite, stable life.First in New York City (1837), then in Philadelphia (1838-44), and again in New York (1844-49), Poe tried to establish himself as a force in literary journalism, but with only slow success. He did succeed, however, in creating influential literary theories and in showing mastery of the forms he favored musical poems and short fictional narratives. Both forms, he argued, should aim at a certain unique or single effect. His theory of short fiction is best exemplified in Ligeia (1838), the tale Poe considered his finest, and The gloaming Of The House Of Usher (1839), which was to become one of his most famous stories. The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) is sometimes considered the first detective story. The The Raven (1845) and The Bells (1849) are good example of musical poems.Virginias death in January 1847 was a heavy blow, but Poe continued to write and lecture. In the summer of 1849 he revisited Richmond, lectured, and was proposed to the fiancee he had lost in 1826, she accepted that. After his return north he was found unconscious on a Baltimore street. In a brief obituary the Baltimore Clipper reported that Poe had died of congestion of the brain.

Nursing Philosophy Essay

AbstractPhilosophy is a system of doctrines, it is often supposeed at as an try to define treat situations that is observed to exist or happen and serves as the basis for later conjectural formulations. Florence Nightingale the first think about theorist, philosophy states that care for is establishing and environment that allows persons to recover from unsoundness. treat has four metaparadigms the client, the environment, wellness and nursing. Metaparadigms ar theoretical run shorts in nursing focused on articulating relationships among the four major concepts nursing, environment, client, and health.My treat PhilosophyMy philosophy on nursing is non something that I think about every daytime. Recently, being introduced to the galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) theorist and metaparadigms, it is something that I cannot help but think about. According to Chou and Lee (2007) philosophy reflects belief and present ideas. It is the embodiment of faith which represents som eone, him/herself, his or her values and essence. It is often reflected in ways of thinking and behaving (p.127). Philosophies are statements of enduring values and beliefs held by a discipline. Metaparadigm comes from greek words meta which means with, paradigm which means pattern. Metaparadigms pick up a few distinct characteristics they are very general, most abstract level of knowledge and are global concepts of a profession. It is very apt that one represents the philosophies and metaparadigms, in able to understand the basic concepts and beliefs of nursing theorist.I grew up knowing that my tutelageer would be in the health field. I decided to bend a suck about two years ago, Ive been through a lot to tug to this point. Before recently I wanted to drop dead a doctor for all the wrong reasons. For object lesson one idea that really pushed my dream to become a doctor was the pay. I figured making that much money I would not have a worry in the world I thought that money could fix anything. I now know with time, money is not what makes you happy, it is doing what you love that makes you happy. care for is my home away from home.I have never felt so comfortable doing something. Yes, I am still learning, but it is the best learning experience I have experienced by far. in that respect are many reasons why I will become a nurse, I will become a nurse because everyday as a nurse is anything but routine, you never know what the day could bring. My job is to brighten the next persons day, while maintaining their overall state of well-being and promoting healthy lifestyles just to wee a few. Heres some insight on my nursing philosophy.I believe that the soul never stands alone, but is embodied with multiple strengths. An idiosyncratic(a) should always be open to new idea, or anything that could improve their present condition. An respective(prenominal) is also entitled to knowledge, representation, beliefs, and freedom. Pamela Weintraub (2012) state s that individuality specifically means, among other things, soothing your have got bad feelings without the help of another, pursuing your own goals, and standing on your own two feet (p.82). Theorist Hildegard Peplau believed that an individual or person is a developing organism that lives in an unstable environment.The environment consist of everything that the surrounds the individual, I believe that the environment has conditions that can only be adapted to, there are many incompatible conditions and communities changes the evolve everyday, in the environment. Florence Nightingale believed that Through ensuing generations, environmental conditions have improved and science has provided strong treatment pathways (Crane & Selanders,2012, p.23). This is very much still evident today. Without an environment the individual cannot exist because the environment, enhances our lives for better or for worse through existence. The environment contains something that all aliment things require to be categorized as living and that is the exchange of what I like to call the primary gases carbon dioxide and oxygen.I believe that health has stagnation, insight and understanding traditionally health was be in terms of the presence or the absences of disease. Florence Nightingale defined health as a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent(Berman & Synder,2012, p.299). The nursing metaparadigm for health states health is the degree of wellness or illness that client is experiencing, continuum of wellness to terminal illness (Berman & Synder,2012, p.299). Personally when I think of health I think of illness and wellness. In the society of the twenty-first century theres either healthy or unhealthy. Wellness is what many refer to as a healthy being, on the other hand many call up illness as unhealthy. I do believe with the help of the environment that the body can be nurtured suffer to health.Illness relates to health i n that, illness is the sometimes present flip side of what many consider to be healthy. Many believe that age is companied by illness but, illness is never a convention state of existence. Illness is sometimes an unfortunate component of health. According to Berman & Synder (2012) nursing metaparadigm states that nursing is the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or in conjunction with the client (p.41).Nursing exist to care for, to teach, to love and to understand that everyone must be looked at in a holistic view. I believe that everyone has a higher(prenominal) power that they look too for strength. For me that higher power is Jesus Christ and I will look for my strength to come from him while here living up to the standards of being a well-rounded nurse and throughout all the days of my life. However Vicki D. Lachman (2012) states that when a person chooses to become a nurse he or she has made a moral commitment to care for all pat ients.Such a finding to care is not taken lightly, as it reflects this statement in the Code of Ethics for Nursing the nurse respects the worth, dignity and rights of all human beings irrespective of the nature of the health problem (p.113). Nursing is not for everyone, there are special qualities that nurses possess that allow only a handful to become slap-up nurses. I agree with Lachman all these things should be seen in the average nurse. I also believe that the nursing practice is individualized, just as patient care should be individualized. Each nurse should have at least one characteristic that sets them apart from any otherhealth professionals.Therefore, I feel that it is pertinent to express that nursing is a very important factor in the health profession. Berman & Synder (2012) believe the work of American nurse theorists reflects a wide range of ideas about people, the world, health and nursing (p.41). Many nursing theorists have created concepts or metaparadigms for wha t i believe is to help guide future nurses in the right direction. My Nursing Philosophy is similar to that of well-known theorist I mentioned earlier, on the basis of using individual, environment, health, and nursing as a guideline to achieve the ultimate goals of nursing. As nurses it is most important that we know that each individual is unique to his or her own needs and desires.ReferencesBerman, A., & Snyder, S. (2011). Kozier & Erbs fundamentals of nursing, concepts, process, and practice. (9 ed., p.41-299). Upper Saddle River, NJ apprentice Hall Chou, M., & Lee, L. (2007). Initial Formation of Nursing Philosophies Following Fundamental Clinical Practice The Experience of antheral Nursing Students. Journal Of Nursing Research (Taiwan Nurses Association), 15(2), 127-136. Lachman, V. D. (2012). Applying the Ethics of Care to Your Nursing Practice. MEDSURG Nursing, 21(2), 112-116 Selanders, L. C., & Crane, P. C. (2012). The Voice of Florence Nightingale on Advocacy. Online Jou rnal Of Issues In Nursing, 17(1), 1. doi10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No01Man01 Weintraub, P. (2012). HOW TO GROW UP. Psychology Today, 45(3), 78-85.

Quality Improvement Plan Final Essay

The travel of timber improvement is a responsibility of every last(predicate) those involved in enduring tuition. At The Womens Hospital (TWH) at Saint Joseph East (SJE) it was decided that a change in culture would be needed and focus was positioned on decreasing the length of stay (LOS) for maternity patients. musical note litigate improvement is a formal approach to the analysis of performance and systematic efforts finished a group approach to improve the outcomes for patients and staff (Spath, 2013).Types of CargonThe Womens Hospital at SJE is a state-of-the-art destitute standing facility that provides exclusive care for the women of central and eastern Kentucky. Services include both high school and low risk maternity care, a level three neonatal intensive care nursery, cardiology and rheumatology services, altogether exclusively specialized and conveniently under one roof for women. The mission of TWH is shared by the larger market based organization of Catholic Health Initiatives ( ki).As part of the mission statement of chi and TWH the goal is to create wellnessier communities, this is done through culture changing quality improvement processes much(prenominal) as decreasing the LOS (Catholic Health Initiatives CHI, 2014, para. 1). The Womens Hospital welcomes the chance to collaborate with SJE and other hospitals within CHI to offer quality improvement data while supporting the mission of the organization.Role of ConsumersHealth care is a business just like any other, with customers that have a choice where to obtain services. The customer is just beginning to become an integral part in the quality improvement process for health care. At TWH the role the patient and family plays give help to shape a culture of improved arctic and quality of care. Patients and families are engaged in the quality improvement process through patient surveys, bedside reporting, and direct observation through patient rounding by nursing steering. The organization of TWH practices transparency and public methodology.Quality results are reported and avail commensurate through websites supported by agencies such The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, The Joint guardianship andthe Kentucky Hospital Engagement Network. To assist the consumer in partnering with TWH in quality improvement the websites for TWH offer links to resources to sweep the websites that provide the reported quality data.Three Quality IndicatorsThe organization has both internal and external duty to quality indicators. External quality indicators are used by government agencies, third party payers and consumers to bushel a quality hospital stay (Kelly, 2011). The external indicators relevant to consumers for TWH include over solely patient happiness with hospital stay, infection rates for surgeries and patient satisfaction with nursing care. Knowing patient satisfaction with an organization, for those that are seeking similar services will allow a co nsumer to know if they will be able to have the desired experience at TWH.When infection rates are reported to external agencies it allows consumers to exonerate informed decisions as to the safety of the care provided by TWH and speaks to the transparency of the quality improvement programs. Lastly, since everyone in the hospital will have contact with a nurse, the reporting of patient satisfaction with nursing care will promote the compassionate nursing culture of care available at TWH. Monitoring and reporting quality indicators externally allows the organization to know if the customers interests are being properly served.Stakeholders and the QI growthThe Womens Hospital at SJE takes a proactive approach to quality improvement. This approach means including all stakeholder involved in patient care patients, managers, administration, medical staff, health insurers, accrediting agencies, and the mission team up. In addition to patient surveys and manager rounding, TWH has a qua rterly community group that meets to listen to the needs of its members.This multidisciplinary team is comprised of executive team associates, nursing staff, medical staff, former patients, commercial insurance representatives and is open to anyone interested in the community. Information knowledgeable in these meetings is then taken back the perinatal quality committee and serves as direction for emerging efforts of quality improvement initiatives. Jointly working to improve the quality of care will create an surroundings of trust between TWHand the community served.In conclusion, the responsibility of quality improvement is shared by all members of the health care team and includes the patient. Importance and relevance of quality indicators is influenced by internal and external factors. At The Womens Hospital, efforts are made to incorporate the role of the consumer in improving the quality of care delivered and through collaboration achieve optimal outcomes for both patient a nd caregiver.ReferencesCatholic Health Initiatives. (2014). About Us. Retrieved from http//www.catholichealth.net/mission-and-vision Kelly, D. L. (2011). Applying quality management in healthcare-A systems approach (3rd ed.). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook line of battle Database. Spath, P. (2013). Introduction to healthcare quality management (2nd ed.). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook Collection Database.

Remedial Reading Essay

Introduction one(a) of the almost valuable skills a person can watch is the world power to order well. It is difficult to produce all powerfulness in the informtime, in the home, in business, or in either other(a) field of strain today that does not require development. People lease to get upbringing, to buy things wisely, for recreation, and for a nifty many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) other motives. More training is universe through today than it ever was in the past. According to metalworker (1988) education is an most-valuable factor that greatly affects an individuals alteration in life.It is a key to success in school, to the development of stunned-of school interests, to the purpose of unoccupied cadence and to the personal and social adjustment. It helps wiz to adjust to his/her geezerhood mates, to become self-directed from p bents and teachers to select and prep ar for an line and to achieve social responsibilities. Villamin (1999) considers yarn as an substantive key that unlocks the door to the world of enlightenment and enjoyment and the sanctioned tool for learning in the cloy field. The absence of practice skill will greatly affect an individuals adjustment in life.William Gray, known as the father of rendering defines schooling as a four- step member learning of the word, wisdom of its meaning, reaction to the meaning in toll of previous knowledge and integration of mentation into iodines background of experience. In every chosen field, the proficiency in course session is extremely important because it plays a brisk portion in achieving success. The ability to read well, leads many assimilators to be competent and be more confident in meeting entirely the ch exclusivelyenges in the field of studies.As defined in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to execute or derive meaning. It is a means of oral communicati on acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all language, it is a complex interaction surrounded by the text and the ratifier which is shaped by the subscribers prior knowledge, experiences, and attitude. It is one of the best ways of broadening ones knowledge and expanding ones horizon. The ability to read means the ability to comprehend any printed text.Reading skills and ability play a vital role in raising pedantic operation of every individual specifically the towering school students. With the fast pace of life today and the great knowledge explosion, there is so much printed corporal around us that the ability to read quick has become a most important asset. quick nurture habits enable a student to arrive at more in a comparatively shorter time, to nicety the school requirements, and tranquillize have time for leisure or recreational reading.But in appall of the proliferation of different printed reading materials, its quite dis turbing to accept the fact that mostly of the students today be still experiencing difficulties in reading. This is evident in their donnish feat in school. The development of varied printed materials cannot solely solve the upsetting businesss in reading. Department of genteelness has been applying varied interventions and innovations to respond to these problems, many schools are using the DepEd programs virtually reading like the Phil-IRI for elementary and SRI for alternative nevertheless non-readers in many macrocosm schools still cannot be eradicated.As a result, cognitive process indicators of many schools are affected. The inability to read by these students whitethorn cause drop-outs or failure. A number of assay readers have been increasing yearly, specifically in public schools. This present scenario is quite alarming thus reading interventions must be given immediate emphasis. wizard intervention that could be applicable for the existing problem is alterati ve reading. Reading remediation can be identified as a general process of re- education. It can be directed toward each shavers specific needs and inadequacies.Various healing(p) measures could be used by any educational institution to diagnose factors responsible for reading disabilities and to change those who are poor or indifferent readers. Villamin enumerates the basic rationales or remedial reading. They are as follows preaching must be based on the on a lower floorstanding of the instructional needs, remedial instruction must be organized, reading process must be make meaningful to the learners, every childs principle must be considered, reading activities must be encouraging, materials and activities must be suitable to the childs reading ability.Such principles mentioned, once applied to tangible remedial reading instruction might bring a lot for the success of the program. Background of the cultivation One of the usual dilemmas of reading teachers in high school i s the inability to read and comprehend by the students specifically the localize seven learners. In fact mostly of the public high school side of meat teachers are experiencing this. Some of the learners had been promoted from elementary even they are not proficient in reading and comprehending as well.Same situation is happening in San Cristobal chew over last School, a school that is located in the remote barrio in San Pablo City. A school that lies below the mountains of Mt. Cristobal and Mt. Banahaw where the usual residents source of living are acres and hog raising. Due to the barrios distant from the urban center, the former Brgy. Chairman, Gabriel Enabore together with the Brgy. Council prepared an ordinance of establishing a Baragay High School, presented it to the City Mayor for approval and endorsed to the Ministry of Education.Upon approval of the city government through the Ministry of Education, the Barangay High School was naturalized immediately to respond to the immediate needs of the residents in the area. However there were no enough budgets for the bribe of lot and for the construction of the high school expression as a result, the high school students were temporarily housed to the elementary school. Mr. Venus Avanzado, a former irregular CAT instructor of the school that time, donated a software of his land to be utilized in move up the high school building.Almost all the parents of the high school students are grateful collectible to the establishment of the said school nevertheless, since most of them are not well educated, they are not alert of monitoring the status of their children in school. After 18 years of teaching fourth year students in San Cristobal subject area High School, the researcher was designated to attend the K-12 training and was also assigned to teach the Grade 7 formerly graduation exercise year high school students. During the first year of teaching in grade 7, the researcher became quite alarme d of the up emergence number of students having difficulty in reading.The former entrant teachers in fact admitted that mostly of the freshmen students can read but without comprehension. These students cannot read within, between and beyond the lines, in short they are considered as struggling readers. As shown in the auxiliary Reading Inventory running (SRI) records, the researcher noted that a number of first year high school students fall under frustration take aim. For this reason the pedantic feat of these students declined as proven in the NAT result record.Aside from the NAT records, the academic performance of a number of students in every grading period in side of meat is not increasing due to their difficulties in reading and comprehending as well. This current scenario prompted the researcher to conduct a instruction to address the needs of the students and the school as well. In the light of these observations, it is out timely to conduct this study to find out some possible inconstants about(predicate) remedial reading and its affect on the academic performance of the Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High school, San Pablo city for the school year 2013-2014. a priori shut inwork Murrays Interactive Theory cited by Tejero (2010) postulates that reading is an interaction involving the reader and the text being read. Meaning it is not only in the head teacher of the person during the reading act nor is it only in the text being read. It is instead the interaction between the text read and the readers various(a) sources that determine the amount and pillowcase of comprehension that curb place. Reading forms have been conceptualized in the pursuit bottom-up, top-down and interactive models.For Goughs bottom-up model mentioned by Tejero (2010) his essential element is the text rather than what the reader brings to the text. Goodmans (1985) top-down model cited also by Tejero (2010) focuses attention on the reader. Thus the r eader brings information based on past experience. On the other hand, Rumelhart (1985) also cited by Tejero (2010) postulates interactive model which is the crew of bottom-up and top-down piles of reading. For him a reader whitethorn be top-down if he is reading well-known(prenominal) material and bottom- up when reading unfamiliar information.former(a) cerebrate theories of reading are The Traditional view, the cognitive view, the Metacognitive view. In the traditional view of reading, novice readers realise a set of hierarchically ordered sub-skills that sequentially build toward comprehension ability. McCarthy (2004) has called this view outside-in processing referring to the idea that meaning exists in the printed page and is interpreted by the reader then taken in. This model of reading has almost always been underattack as being insufficient and defective for the main reason that it relies on the formal features of the language, mainly words. The Cognitive view The top-do wn model is in direct face-off to the bottom-up model. According to Nunan, et. al (2005), the psycholinguistic model of reading and the top-down model are in exact concordance. From the study of Goodman (1966) as cited by Paran, (2002) presented reading as a psycholinguistic guessing game, a process in which readers sample the text, make hypotheses, stand or reject them, make new hypotheses, and so forth.Here, the reader rather than the text is at the sum total of the reading process and structure. The Metacognitive view involves thinking about what one is doing while reading. Klein et al. (2004) stated that strategic readers attempt the sideline while reading Identifying the purpose of the reading before reading Identifying the form or case of the text before reading thinking about the general character and features of the form or type of the text. For instance, they try to locate a topic disapprobation and follow supporting details toward a conclusion.The abstract Framework The conceptual framework of this study is shown in the research paradigm which illustrates the human relationship between the respondents remedial reading effects and relate factors (independent variables) and the learners academic performance in English (dependent variables) RESEARCH PARADIGM single-handed VariablesDependent Variables 1. Respondents Related Factors Age Gender Parents educational attainment Availability of reading materials at home 2. sanative reading related variables 2. 1 Student related factors physiological Intellectual mental lingual sociological 2. 2 Teacher related factors force Instructional materials rating techniques 3. Reading direct self-sustaining Instructional Frustration Figure 1 Shows the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Frame 1 consists of the independent variables namely profile of the respondents, remedial reading related variable student related, teachers related and impact of remedial reading. Frame 2 shows the dependent variable which is the learners academic performance in English. mastery of the Problem.This study dealt with the remedial reading and its effect on the academic performance of the Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High School, San Pablo City during the School twelvemonth 2013-2014. Specifically, this attempted to answer the sideline questions 1. What are the respondents related factors in terms of 1. 1 age 1. 2 gender 1. 3 parents educational attainment 1. 4 availability of reading materials at home 2. What is the perception of the respondents in the remedial reading related variables in terms of 2. 1 student factors Physiological Intellectual psychological Linguistic sociological 2. 2 teacher factors.Competency Instructional materials Evaluation techniques 3. What is the reading direct of the respondents as to 3. 1 Independent 3. 2 Instructional 3. 3 Frustration 4. What is the academic performance of the respondents in English? 5. Is the academic perfor mance in English of the respondents significantly related to the following 5. 1 Respondents related factor 5. 2 Remedial reading related variables 5. 3 Reading level Research Hypothesis After a heedful study, the following were considered as hypothesis. 1. The academic performance in English of the respondents is not significantly related to the following factors 1.1 Respondents related factors 1. 2 Remedial reading related variables 1. 3 Respondents reading level deduction OF THE STUDY The result of this study had proven the importance to the following domain The administrator whitethorn discover inventive designs in improving the academic performance of the students by advocating the importance of enhancing the students reading skills and ability. The teachers will determine the different factors that may affect the reading skills and ability of the Grade 7 learners and that they may use innovative strategies in teaching reading to rectify their academic performance.The parents will realize the role and importance of parental assistance in motivating and evolution the interest of the students in reading. The students will blot the importance of reading as it is their basic tool for learning. background signal and Limitation of the Study This study centre on the remedial reading and its effect on the academic performance of Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High School, San Pablo City during the Academic Year 2013-2014. Eighty out of one hundred 30 learners were the respondents of this study.These eighty respondents were learners who fall under instructional and frustration level during the Secondary Reading Inventory Pre-test. This description of Terms For better and clearer arrest the following terms were defined operationally. Age. One of the variables under the respondents profile that refers to the chronological age of the grade 7 learners who are the subject of this study. Gender. Pertaining to the respondents gender as to male or di staff Parents educational attainment. The highest level of education obtained by the respondents parents.Availability of reading materials. The respondents for sale reading materials at home. Physiological factors. Refers to the respondents physical attributes and capability. Intellectual factors. The respondents ability to recognize, comprehend, interpret and analyze any printed word. Psychological factors. It is the respondents emotional readiness and stability. Linguistic factors. The respondents exposure in the use of language and the background they have obtained. Sociological factors. Refers to the respondents social well being/ behavior and eagerness to deal with the peer.Competency. Refers to the teachers competence in teaching reading, his skills and strategies, including his experience and skipper growth. Instructional materials. The instructional tools used by the teacher in teaching reading. Evaluation techniques. Refers to the types of assessments used by the teacher in evaluating the students ability and performance. Independent. It is the respondents reading level where the reading comprehension waterfall under independent or 90-100% and the reading speed falls under fast. Instructional.The respondents reading level where the reading comprehension is instructional or75-89% and the reading speed is average. Frustration. The respondents reading level where the reading comprehension falls under frustration or below 75% and the reading speed is either average or slow. Introduction One of the most valuable skills a person can acquire is the ability to read well. It is difficult to discover any ability in the school, in the home, in business, or in any other field of endeavor today that does not require reading.People read to get information, to buy things wisely, for recreation, and for a great many other reasons. More reading is being done today than it ever was in the past. According to Smith (1988) reading is an important factor that greatly aff ects an individuals adjustment in life. It is a key to success in school, to the development of out-of school interests, to the enjoyment of leisure time and to the personal and social adjustment. It helps one to adjust to his/her age mates, to become independent from parents and teachers to select and prepare for an occupation and to achieve social responsibilities.Villamin (1999) considers reading as an essential key that unlocks the door to the world of enlightenment and enjoyment and the basic tool for learning in the content field. The absence of reading skill will greatly affect an individuals adjustment in life. William Gray, known as the father of reading defines reading as a four- step process perception of the word, comprehension of its meaning, reaction to the meaning in terms of prior knowledge and integration of idea into ones background of experience. In every chosen field, the proficiency in reading is extremely important because it plays a vital role in achieving suc cess.The ability to read well, leads many students to be competent and be more confident in meeting all the challenges in the field of studies. As defined in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning. It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all language, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the readers prior knowledge, experiences, and attitude. It is one of the best ways of broadening ones knowledge and expanding ones horizon.The ability to read means the ability to comprehend any printed text. Reading skills and ability play a vital role in raising academic performance of every individual specifically the high school students. With the fast pace of life today and the great knowledge explosion, there is so much printed material around us that the ability to read rapidly has become a most impo rtant asset. Rapid reading habits enable a student to accomplish more in a comparatively shorter time, to finish the school requirements, and still have time for leisure or recreational reading.But in spite of the proliferation of different printed reading materials, its quite distressful to accept the fact that mostly of the students today are still experiencing difficulties in reading. This is evident in their academic performance in school. The development of varied printed materials cannot solely solve the upsetting problems in reading. Department of Education has been applying varied interventions and innovations to respond to these problems, many schools are using the DepEd programs about reading like the Phil-IRI for elementary and SRI for secondary nevertheless non-readers in many public schools still cannot be eradicated.As a result, performance indicators of many schools are affected. The inability to read by these students may cause drop-outs or failure. A number of strug gling readers have been increasing yearly, specifically in public schools. This present scenario is quite alarming thus reading interventions must be given immediate emphasis. One intervention that could be applicable for the existing problem is remedial reading. Reading remediation can be identified as a general process of re-teaching. It can be directed toward each childs specific needs and inadequacies.Various remedial measures could be used by any educational institution to diagnose factors responsible for reading disabilities and to improve those who are poor or indifferent readers. Villamin enumerates the basic principles or remedial reading. They are as follows treatment must be based on the understanding of the instructional needs, remedial instruction must be organized, reading process must be made meaningful to the learners, every childs principle must be considered, reading activities must be encouraging, materials and activities must be suitable to the childs reading abi lity.Such principles mentioned, once applied to actual remedial reading instruction might contribute a lot for the success of the program. Background of the Study One of the usual dilemmas of reading teachers in high school is the inability to read and comprehend by the students specifically the grade seven learners. In fact mostly of the public high school English teachers are experiencing this. Some of the learners had been promoted from elementary even they are not proficient in reading and comprehending as well.Same situation is happening in San Cristobal National High School, a school that is located in the remote barrio in San Pablo City. A school that lies beneath the mountains of Mt. Cristobal and Mt. Banahaw where the usual residents source of living are farming and hog raising. Due to the barrios distant from the city, the former Brgy. Chairman, Gabriel Enabore together with the Brgy. Council prepared an ordinance of establishing a Baragay High School, presented it to the City Mayor for approval and endorsed to the Ministry of Education.Upon approval of the city government through the Ministry of Education, the Barangay High School was established immediately to respond to the immediate needs of the residents in the area. However there were no enough budgets for the purchase of lot and for the construction of the high school building as a result, the high school students were temporarily housed to the elementary school. Mr. Venus Avanzado, a former part-time CAT instructor of the school that time, donated a parcel of his land to be utilized in putting up the high school building.Almost all the parents of the high school students are grateful due to the establishment of the said school nevertheless, since most of them are not well educated, they are not aware of monitoring the status of their children in school. After 18 years of teaching fourth year students in San Cristobal National High School, the researcher was designated to attend the K-12 train ing and was also assigned to teach the Grade 7 formerly first year high school students. During the first year of teaching in grade 7, the researcher became quite alarmed of the up growing number of students having difficulty in reading.The former freshman teachers in fact admitted that mostly of the freshmen students can read but without comprehension. These students cannot read within, between and beyond the lines, in short they are considered as struggling readers. As shown in the Secondary Reading Inventory Test (SRI) records, the researcher noted that a number of first year high school students fall under frustration level. For this reason the academic performance of these students declined as proven in the NAT result record.Aside from the NAT records, the academic performance of a number of students in every grading period in English is not increasing due to their difficulties in reading and comprehending as well. This current scenario prompted the researcher to conduct a stud y to address the needs of the students and the school as well. In the light of these observations, it is out timely to conduct this study to find out some possible variables about remedial reading and its affect on the academic performance of the Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High school, San Pablo city for the school year 2013-2014.Theoretical Framework Murrays Interactive Theory cited by Tejero (2010) postulates that reading is an interaction involving the reader and the text being read. Meaning it is not only in the mind of the person during the reading act nor is it only in the text being read. It is instead the interaction between the text read and the readers various sources that determine the amount and type of comprehension that take place. Reading models have been conceptualized in the following bottom-up, top-down and interactive models.For Goughs bottom-up model mentioned by Tejero (2010) his essential element is the text rather than what the reader brings to the text. Goodmans (1985) top-down model cited also by Tejero (2010) focuses attention on the reader. Thus the reader brings information based on past experience. On the other hand, Rumelhart (1985) also cited by Tejero (2010) postulates interactive model which is the combination of bottom-up and top-down views of reading. For him a reader may be top-down if he is reading familiar material and bottom- up when reading unfamiliar information.Other related theories of reading are The Traditional view, the Cognitive view, the Metacognitive view. In the traditional view of reading, novice readers acquire a set of hierarchically ordered sub-skills that sequentially build toward comprehension ability. McCarthy (2004) has called this view outside-in processing referring to the idea that meaning exists in the printed page and is interpreted by the reader then taken in.This model of reading has almost always been underattack as being insufficient and defective for the main reason that it rel ies on the formal features of the language, mainly words. The Cognitive view The top-down model is in direct opposition to the bottom-up model. According to Nunan, et. al (2005), the psycholinguistic model of reading and the top-down model are in exact concordance. From the study of Goodman (1966) as cited by Paran, (2002) presented reading as a psycholinguistic guessing game, a process in which readers sample the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, make new hypotheses, and so forth.Here, the reader rather than the text is at the heart of the reading process and structure. The Metacognitive view involves thinking about what one is doing while reading. Klein et al. (2004) stated that strategic readers attempt the following while reading Identifying the purpose of the reading before reading Identifying the form or type of the text before reading thinking about the general character and features of the form or type of the text. For instance, they try to locate a topic sente nce and follow supporting details toward a conclusion.The Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study is shown in the research paradigm which illustrates the relationship between the respondents remedial reading effects and related factors (independent variables) and the learners academic performance in English (dependent variables) RESEARCH PARADIGM Independent VariablesDependent Variables 1. Respondents Related Factors Age Gender Parents educational attainment Availability of reading materials at home 2. Remedial reading related variables 2. 1 Student related factors Physiological.Intellectual Psychological Linguistic Sociological 2. 2 Teacher related factors Competency Instructional materials Evaluation techniques 3. Reading Level Independent Instructional Frustration Figure 1 Shows the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Frame 1 consists of the independent variables namely profile of the respondents, remedial reading related variable stu dent related, teachers related and impact of remedial reading. Frame 2 shows the dependent variable which is the learners academic performance in English.Statement of the Problem This study dealt with the remedial reading and its effect on the academic performance of the Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High School, San Pablo City during the School Year 2013-2014. Specifically, this attempted to answer the following questions 1. What are the respondents related factors in terms of 1. 1 age 1. 2 gender 1. 3 parents educational attainment 1. 4 availability of reading materials at home 2. What is the perception of the respondents in the remedial reading related variables in terms of 2.1 student factors Physiological Intellectual Psychological Linguistic Sociological 2. 2 teacher factors Competency Instructional materials Evaluation techniques 3. What is the reading level of the respondents as to 3. 1 Independent 3. 2 Instructional 3. 3 Frustration 4. What is the academic pe rformance of the respondents in English? 5. Is the academic performance in English of the respondents significantly related to the following 5. 1 Respondents related factor 5. 2 Remedial reading related variables 5. 3 Reading level Research Hypothesis.After a careful study, the following were considered as hypothesis. 1. The academic performance in English of the respondents is not significantly related to the following factors 1. 1 Respondents related factors 1. 2 Remedial reading related variables 1. 3 Respondents reading level SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The result of this study had proven the importance to the following domain The administrator may discover inventive designs in improving the academic performance of the students by advocating the importance of enhancing the students reading skills and ability.The teachers will determine the different factors that may affect the reading skills and ability of the Grade 7 learners and that they may use innovative strategies in teachin g reading to improve their academic performance. The parents will realize the role and importance of parental assistance in motivating and developing the interest of the students in reading. The students will recognize the importance of reading as it is their basic tool for learning. Scope and Limitation of the Study.This study focused on the remedial reading and its effect on the academic performance of Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High School, San Pablo City during the Academic Year 2013-2014. Eighty out of one hundred thirty learners were the respondents of this study. These eighty respondents were learners who fall under instructional and frustration level during the Secondary Reading Inventory Pre-test. This Definition of Terms For better and clearer understanding the following terms were defined operationally. Age.One of the variables under the respondents profile that refers to the chronological age of the grade 7 learners who are the subject of this study. Gend er. Pertaining to the respondents gender as to male or female Parents educational attainment. The highest level of education obtained by the respondents parents. Availability of reading materials. The respondents available reading materials at home. Physiological factors. Refers to the respondents physical attributes and capability. Intellectual factors. The respondents ability to recognize, comprehend, interpret and analyze any printed word.Psychological factors. It is the respondents emotional readiness and stability. Linguistic factors. The respondents exposure in the use of language and the background they have obtained. Sociological factors. Refers to the respondents social well being/ behavior and eagerness to deal with the peer. Competency. Refers to the teachers competence in teaching reading, his skills and strategies, including his experience and professional growth. Instructional materials. The instructional tools used by the teacher in teaching reading. Evaluation techni ques.Refers to the types of assessments used by the teacher in evaluating the students ability and performance. Independent. It is the respondents reading level where the reading comprehension falls under independent or 90-100% and the reading speed falls under fast. Instructional. The respondents reading level where the reading comprehension is instructional or75-89% and the reading speed is average. Frustration. The respondents reading level where the reading comprehension falls under frustration or below 75% and the reading speed is either average or slow.